In the previous post, we concluded the discussion on the Franck-Codon principle, which stated that the molecule’s geometry does not change during an electronic transition. From this post onwards, we start looking closely into these electronic transitions. However, before we dive into these discussions, it is imperative that we understand the concept of singlet and triplet states of electrons. So, let us begin our discourse on this concept.
ELECTRON SPIN
Properties of any particle/object are of two types-
- Intrinsic properties – Properties that are inherently there in the particle. These properties exist because of what the particle is. e.g- Charge. An electron has a negative charge – it just has a negative charge in it.
- Extrinsic properties – Properties that depend on what the particle/body is doing at that given moment of the time.e.g.-Linear momentum, which is the momentum of an object moving in a straight line i.e linearly. This property exists because the object is moving at that time.
Electrons have 3 inherent or intrinsic properties-
- Mass (9.1× 10 -31 kgs)
- Charge (1.62 × 10-19Coulombs)
- Spin
In post #27, we studied the spin quantum number. Every electron has a spin and this is an inherent property. The spin of an electron can actually be thought of as its intrinsic spin angular momentum.
However, does the electron really spin?
If we assume that electrons are solid spheres(we know that electrons can be modeled as both particles and waves– wave-particle duality), the diameter of an electron is approximately 10-18m. If an electron actually spun around its axis it would have to do it superluminally (more than the velocity of light) to have the right magnetic moment and angular momentum. According to calculations, if the electron was spinning, it had to spin with a velocity- a million times that of the velocity of light (c = 3× 10 8 m/s). However, we know that nothing can go faster than the velocity of light, as time and space do not exist beyond this point. Thus, we can conclude that AN ELECTRON DOES NOT ACTUALLY SPIN.
So then why do we say that this spin exists? It is because the electrons are affected by magnets. Any moving charge (electrons in this case), with momentum, is going to have a magnetic field. This magnetic field is going to get affected by another magnetic field – electrons get deflected by an external magnetic field. Thus, they behave as tiny magnets. An electron has a magnetic moment associated with this intrinsic spin. Thus, we have to believe a ‘spin’ exists in electrons!
Electron spin has two orientations- clockwise and anti-clockwise. Spin is a quantized quantity meaning an electron can have only two discrete spins. This means that an electron behaves as if it is either spinning clockwise or in the anti-clockwise direction as shown below-
The spin of an electron has a significant role to play in chemistry and quantum mechanics, as it helps explain many phenomena accurately.
In photochemistry, the spin of electrons decides the singlet or triplet state of electrons, which is a very important concept. In the next post, we shall delve into this topic in detail.
Till then,
Be a perpetual student of life and keep learning…
Good day!
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Madoverchemistry 