CO in high concentration is fatal in less than 5 mins !! The worst part is that this is an odorless and colorless gas and
Tag: Covalent bond
92.CHEMICAL BONDING (39)- Covalent Bonding(38) – Molecular Orbital Theory(13)- Heteronuclear diatomic molecules(2)- HF.
From this post onwards, we shall study some examples and learn how bonds are formed between two different atoms. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) – We
91.CHEMICAL BONDING (38)- Covalent Bonding(37) – Molecular Orbital Theory(12) – Heteronuclear Diatomic molecules(1)
With this post we start discussing MOT theory for diatomic heteronuclear molecules – molecules formed by two different atoms. The MO diagrams for heteronuclear atoms
90. CHEMICAL BONDING (37)- Covalent Bonding(36) – Molecular Orbital Theory(11) – Fluorine.
Fluorine molecule (F2) – F (9) 1s2 2s2 2p5 Two fluorine atoms bring 7 electrons each to the table and thus the 10 electrons get arranged
89. CHEMICAL BONDING (36)- Covalent Bonding(35) – Molecular Orbital Theory(10)- Nitrogen molecule.
Nitrogen molecule (N3) – N (7) 1s2 2s2 2p3 When we construct the MO diagram for nitrogen , we will only draw the valence 2s and
88.CHEMICAL BONDING (35)- Covalent Bonding(34) – Molecular Orbital Theory(9)- Helium ,sp mixing.
Helium molecule (He2) – He (2) – 1s2. Helium has two electrons in the 1s orbital. Thus, when we draw the MO diagram, two electrons
87. CHEMICAL BONDING (34)- Covalent Bonding(33) – Molecular Orbital Theory(8) – Overlaps and symmetry(2)
Pi Symmetry Orbitals with pi symmetry are NOT symmetric w.r.t to the internuclear axis. When rotated around the axis, they produce a phase change (which
86.CHEMICAL BONDING (33)- Covalent Bonding(32) – Molecular Orbital Theory(7) – Overlaps and symmetry(1)
Overlaps & Symmetry Based on how the bonds are formed, the interaction between two AOs can have following symmetry- i) Sigma (σ) ii) Pi (π
85.CHEMICAL BONDING (32)- Covalent Bonding(31) – Molecular Orbital Theory(6)- Symmetry of MOs.
SYMMETRY OF MOLECULAR ORBITALS. Based on symmetry ,the orbitals can be classified as – GERADE MOs and UNGERADE MOs. Gerade MOs ⇒ Gerade = Even
84. CHEMICAL BONDING (31)- Covalent Bonding(30) – Molecular Orbital Theory(5).
In this post we shall begin by constructing MO diagrams. We shall begin with the simplest of all homonuclear diatomic molecules – The H2 molecule.
83.CHEMICAL BONDING (30)- Covalent Bonding(29) – Molecular Orbital Theory(4)- LCAO approximation(2).
We have seen in the periodic table series , that the electronic configuration tells us where exactly the electron is. Configuration means order… so
82.CHEMICAL BONDING (29)- Covalent Bonding(28) – Molecular Orbital Theory(3)- LCAO approximation(1).
LINEAR COMBINATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS (LCAO approximation) MOT is incorporated in quantum mechanics. As we have already discussed that classical physics (physics
81.CHEMICAL BONDING (28)- Covalent Bonding(27) – Molecular Orbital Theory(2).
Molecular orbital theory (MOT). This theory assumes that the electrons ,shared between the atoms, are spread throughout the molecule i.e they are NOT
80.CHEMICAL BONDING (27)- Covalent Bonding(26) – Molecular Orbital Theory(1).
Molecular orbital theory(MOT) is a quantum mechanical approach to bonding.Thus, this theory considers an orbital as a wave function(ψ).In order to understand MOT , it
79.CHEMICAL BONDING (26)- Covalent Bonding(25) – Problems(2).
Q: Which of the following statements for bond angles (θ) in CH4 and CH2F2 molecules is true – A] θ CH4 > θ CH2F2 B] θ CH4 < θ CH2F2 C] θ
78.CHEMICAL BONDING (25)- Covalent Bonding(24) – Problems(1).
Q: Why does PCl5 exists but NCl5 does not? A. Ionization energy of N is very high B.N does not have vacant d- orbitals C.It does not
77.CHEMICAL BONDING (24)- Covalent Bonding(23) – Drago Rule (2).
THE DRAGO RULE. Drago rule states that , if – the central atom has at least one lone pair of electron on it the central
76.CHEMICAL BONDING (23)- Covalent Bonding(22) – Drago Rule (1).
In this post, we will study yet another rule ,which is important while studying hybridization in molecules. This rule was stated to explain certain observations
75.CHEMICAL BONDING (22)- Covalent Bonding(21)- Hybridization in solid state
How compounds exist in solid state ? Compounds exist as ions in solid state. Consider the following example – PCl5 molecule – This molecule has
74.CHEMICAL BONDING (21)- Covalent Bonding(20)- Bent’s rule(3).
Example 3 – PCl3F2 molecule . This molecule has TBP geometry with two F atoms and three Cl atoms as substituents.According to Bent’s rule –
73.CHEMICAL BONDING (20)- Covalent Bonding(19)- Bent’s rule(2).
After having learnt the statement of Bent’s rule in the earlier post , let us now study the rule with some examples. We know that bond angle(θ) ∝
72.CHEMICAL BONDING (19)- Covalent Bonding(18)- Bent’s rule(1).
In this post we are going to learn a comparatively new rule, proposed by Henry Bent.Henry Bent (1926-2015) was an American physical chemist who
71.CHEMICAL BONDING (18)- Covalent Bonding(17)- The Bond Angle.
We have already studied that the angle between the central and terminal atoms of a molecule is called as a bond angle.In this post we
70.CHEMICAL BONDING (17)- Covalent Bonding(16)- Isovalent hybridization.
In the last post, we have seen that the bond angles (θ) , hybridization index (i) and the fraction of s and p character in
69.CHEMICAL BONDING (16)- Covalent Bonding(15)- More concepts in hybridization theory(2).
Molecules with hybrid orbitals can be of two types – A] Symmetric molecules where all bonds are same.e.g.- CH4 molecule , where all bonds are C-H
68.CHEMICAL BONDING (15)- Covalent Bonding(14)- More concepts in hybridization theory(1).
After studying all types of hybridizations, we now delve deeper into this theory and learn various cardinal concepts related to it in detail. It
67.CHEMICAL BONDING (14)- Covalent Bonding(13)- sp3d3 Hybridization(8).
Sp3d3 hybridization The process of mixing of one s- orbital ,three p- orbitals and three d-orbitals in an atom to form seven sp3 d3 hybrid orbitals of equivalent
66.CHEMICAL BONDING (13)- Covalent Bonding(12)- sp3d2 Hybridization(7).
sp3d2 hybridization. The process of mixing of one s- orbital ,three p- orbitals and two d-orbital in an atom to form six sp3 d2 hybrid orbitals of equivalent energy is called sp3 d2 hybridization. EXAMPLE – SULPHUR HEXACHLORIDE (SF6) In the last post we studied the hybridization in SF4 molecule. The central sulphur atom was sp3d hybridized. It had a lone pair of electrons. […]
65.CHEMICAL BONDING (12)- Covalent Bonding(11)- sp3d Hybridization(6).
In the last few posts we studied about the most common types of hybridization namely –sp3, sp2 and sp hybridization. These are exhibited predominantly by
56.CHEMICAL BONDING (3)- Covalent Bonding(2)- VBT (2)
The Valence bond theory (VBT) is one of the theories which explains the formation of the covalent bond. It is based on the assumption that
