Absorbance and Transmittance Absorbance(A) and transmittance(T) are two sides of a coin. Absorbance (A) is the amount of light absorbed and transmittance is the the
156.PHOTOCHEMISTRY(5) – LAWS OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY(2).
August Beer was a German Chemist, physicist and mathematician. He was studying absorption of red light by various solutions, when he formulated a law called
155.PHOTOCHEMISTRY(4) – Laws of photochemistry(1).
In this post we shall start learning about the basic laws of photochemistry. These laws form the basis of all the photochemistry we will study
154.PHOTOCHEMISTRY(3) – INTRODUCTION(2).
In the previous post we started to understand the basic difference between radiation chemistry and photochemistry. We concluded that photochemistry is a branch of radiation
153.PHOTOCHEMISTRY(2) – Introduction(1).
For a chemical reaction to occur the reacting molecules must be activated.Usually this activation is carried out thermally i.e by increasing the reaction temperature.Increasing temperature
152.Photochemistry(1) – Electromagnetic radiation.
From this post onwards , we shall begin our discussion on a new topic in physical chemistry – Photochemistry. What comes to your mind when
151.FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY(15) – Sampling(2).
In the previous post, we learned that getting an appropriate representative sample for analysis is a very important step in getting accurate results.In this post,
150.FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY(14) – Sampling(1).
We talked about different methods of analysis in the previous post and inferred that only with experience and intuition , we can choose a correct
149.FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY(13) – Methods of Analysis.
Analytical chemistry is all about analysis. In this post, we shall look at the various methods of analysis that we encounter in this branch of
148.FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY(12) – Concentration units(7).
1. Calculate gram equivalents of the following – (Given – Eq.wt of O=8,Al =9)i)7 × 10-3 kg of oxygen.ii) 4.5 × 10-3 kg of aluminium
147.FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY(11) – Concentration units(6)- Normality (5).
In the previous posts,we have studied in detail, how to find n-factor and equivalent weight for a number compounds.In this post we shall talk more
146.FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY(10) – Concentration units(5)- Normality (4).
SALTS Salts are ionic compounds, consisting of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions). e.g.- CuSO4 ⇒ Copper sulfate is a salt that
145.FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY(9) – Concentration units(4)- Normality (3).
BASES In general, a base is a compound that yields OH– ion/s on dissociation. Example 5 – Let us now consider a base, sodium hydroxide
144.FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY(8) – Concentration units(3)- Normality (2).
In this post, we will specifically look at some acids whose n-factor calculation can seem a little tricky. We will study the structure of these
143.FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY(7) – Concentration units(2)- Normality (1).
4.Normality Normality is a concentration unit that uses chemical equivalent or gram equivalent term. This concentration term is not very commonly used in today’s laboratories.
142.FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY(6) – Concentration units(1).
In analytical chemistry one often has to deal with solutions and thus it is very important to know parameters used to define concentration. A solvent
141.Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry(6) – The mole concept(4).
Before starting to solve problems on the mole concept, let us jot down a few important formulae – Let us solve some problems based on
140.Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry(5)- The Mole concept(3).
In the previous post, we discussed how to relate a measurable quantity , volume , to a mole. In this post we will discuss how
139.Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry(4) – The Mole Concept(2)
In the last post we left some questions unanswered. Questions like – How does one relate the number of particles to volume and mass of
138.Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry(3)-The Mole Concept(1).
In this post, we are going to study one of the most seminal concepts, not only in analytical but in entire chemistry. Understanding this concept
137.Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry(2) – Introduction(2).
9.Confidence Limit (CL)- The confidence limit is the level of confidence we have about a value being statistically significant. Confidence Limit (CL)= 100 × (1 − α)
136. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry (1)-Introduction(1).
From this post onwards we will start getting acquainted with some fundamentals of analytical chemistry. What is analytical chemistry? What all topics does it encompass?
135.Aromaticity(28) – Practice problems(2).
5) Is it cyclic ? ✓ Conjugated double bonds ? ✓ Is it planar? × # of π electrons 8 # of lone pair of
134.Aromaticity(27) – Practice problems(1).
Q: Classify the following compounds as aromatic, anti-aromatic or non-aromatic – 1) Is it cyclic ? ✓ Conjugated double bonds ? ✓ Is it planar?
133.Aromaticity (26)- Homoaromaticity.
“There is no exception to the rule, that every rule has an exception.”- James Thurber. After learning all about aromaticity and antiaromaticity, we now proceed
132.Aromaticity(25)- Criteria for Aromaticity(2).
Let us now begin to discuss the magnetic properties of aromatic compounds. 3]Magnetic properties. I) Aromatic ring current– Aromatic compounds have delocalised , closed loop
131.Aromaticity(24) – Criteria for aromaticity(1).
We have studied aromaticity in detail and are acquainted with various compounds that are aromatic. A variety of physical properties have been used as a
130.Aromaticity(23) – What is so special about 4n+2 π electrons?
We have been reiterating that aromatic compounds have 4n+2π electrons and antiaromatic compounds 4n π electrons. Ever wondered why these numbers are so important? Let’s
129.Aromaticity(22) -Antiaromaticity.
We saw earlier that aromaticity refers to the extra stability that some cyclic compounds have, owing to their structure. Antiaromaticity means exactly the opposite of
128.Aromaticity(21)- Fullerenes.
Elemental carbon in its sp2 hybridized state can form some very interesting structures, which have very wide applications in industry. Fullerenes are one such class
